WebbDo not have mass of physical particle known as “Off mass-shell” e.g. non-zero for photon 4-momentum of virtual particle is energy and momentum transfer between scattered particles Virtual mass-squared q2 =E X 2-p X 2 q2 > 0 and q2 < 0 possible Propagator - how far particle is off mass-shell Internal lines, not observable must observe ∆E ... WebbAs virtual particles have real mass but off-shell momenta, and multiparticle states are always composed of on-shell particles only, it is impossible to represent a virtual particle by means of states. States involving virtual particles cannot be created for lack of corresponding creation operators in the theory.

On shell renormalization scheme - Wikipedia

Webbparticle that it be “off mass-shell”, that is, that it have a mass not corresponding to the value standardly attributed to the corresponding quantum and, so, be a virtual version of that quantum. This may or may not coincide with its being symbolized by an internal line in perturbation-theoretical diagrams 物理学、主に場の量子論において、古典力学的運動方程式を満たす物理系の構成を、オンシェル(on shell)と呼び、そうでないものをオフシェル(off shell)と呼ぶ。 例えば作用の定式化の中での古典力学では、変分原理の極値解はオンシェル（質量殻） であり、オイラー＝ラグランジュ方程式はオンシェルの方程式である（すなわち、それらはオフシェルでは成り立たない）。ネーターの定理もまた、オンシェルの定理である。 daybed shoestring tail metronome

(PDF) Off-Mass-Shell Particles and LENR - ResearchGate

Webboff-mass-shell. IV. OFF-SHELL VERTEX FUNCTION AMD FORM FACTORS As it was said before, we intend to calculate the proton and neutron mass shifts in a Born like approximation as in Eq. (3.4) or Eq. (3.5) but replacing the usual G's by off-mass--shell form factors since the nucleon in the intermediate state is actually off its mass shell. Webbmass-shell. Even close to threshold, the pion in the t-channel is off its mass-shell by several units of its rest mass. The possible importance of the inclusion of off-mass- shell effects has been emphasized by Gross and Riska [10] in yet another context, namely in the description of meson exchange currents, in which case the exchanged WebbThe effective mass of the virtual particle,q2, is given by q2 = E2 − p⃗ 2 and is not equal to the physical mass m, i.e. it isoff-shell mass. The mass of a virtual particle can be +ve, -ve or imaginary. A virtual particle which is off-mass shell by amount ∆m can only exist for time and range t ∼ ℏ ∆mc2 = 1 ∆m, range = ℏ ∆mc = 1 ... gatorback b145 carpenters triple combo